The Russian Superpower Returns

Tags

anti-ballistic systems, Anti-Missile Shield, Black Sea Fleet, geopolitical strategies, Russia, Russian Aerospace Forces, Russian Air Force, Russian Defense System, Russian Military Advisers, Russian warships, War Strategy

This gallery contains 7 photos.

The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation has stated that it is considering the return of Russian military bases to Cuba and Vietnam.

Judging by everything, this information slipped through the cracks into the public space by accident, as most officials now prefer to either remain silent or answer evasively in the face of reporters’ questions.

However, Tsargrad has managed to clarify just what countries Russia could return to in the near future.

This task is first and foremost one that faces our military departments and is not a question of merely increasing the number of our troops abroad but also, for example, providing for long-range aircraft flights, guaranteeing logistical support to the navy, and establishing effective intelligence gathering.

With this goal in mind, for example, fueling points are planned to be organized at the equator. But all in good time.

Continue reading →

S-300 and S-400 air defenses in place, ready to hit any unidentified object: Russian Russia’s Defense Ministry warns U.S.-led coalition not to strike Syrian Arab Army

Tags

Russia, Russian Defense Ministry, Russian Defense System, S-300, S-350E Vityaz, S-400, su-24, Su-24M2s, Syrian Air Forces, Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Army, US regime, US-backed coalition, USA-led Coalition, USA-Russia, War by Proxy, War on Syria, War Strategy, Zionist conspiracy, Zionist entity

This gallery contains 1 photo.

Russia’s Defense Ministry has cautioned the U.S.-led coalition of carrying out airstrikes on Syrian army positions, adding in Syria there are numerous S-300 and S-400 air defense systems up and running.

Russia currently has S-400 and S-300 air-defense systems deployed to protect its troops stationed at the Tartus naval supply base and the Khmeimim airbase.

The radius of the weapons reach may be “a surprise” to all unidentified flying objects, Russian Defense Ministry spokesperson General Igor Konashenkov said.

According to the Russian Defense Ministry, any airstrike or missile hitting targets in territory controlled by the Syrian government would put Russian personnel in danger.

“Therefore, any missile or air strikes on the territory controlled by the Syrian government will create a clear threat to Russian servicemen.”

“Russian air defense system crews are unlikely to have time to determine in a ‘straight line’ the exact flight paths of missiles and then who the warheads belong to. And all the illusions of amateurs about the existence of ‘invisible’ jets will face a disappointing reality,” Konashenkov added.

Continue reading →

Captured Ukrainian infiltrator testifies he planned to blow up air hub, bus station in Crimea ~ Russian military in Crimea get advanced S-400 missile defense system, same as deployed in Syria

Tags

Conspiracy, Crimea independence, Crimes against humanity, geopolitical strategies, Kiev Crimes Against Humanity, Kiev government, Lone Bear, Plots, Putin, Russia, Russian Defense Ministry, Russian Defense System, S-400, Syrian Patriots, Terrorism By Proxy, Terrorists, Ukraine, US regime, USA plots, War Against Terrorism, War by Proxy, War Crime Alert, War Criminals, War Strategy, Warmongers

This gallery contains 2 photos.

In a video released by the Russian security service on Friday, a Ukrainian infiltrator tells investigators that he eyed the central bus station and airport in Crimea’s Simferopol for bomb attacks.

More planned terrorist attacks in Crimea have been revealed by the Federal Security Service (FSB) after it raided a Ukrainian infiltrator group on the peninsula over the weekend. One member of the FSB and one infiltrator died in the following shootout.

FSB has now released the video of the questioning of another infiltrator who was arrested seven days prior to the weekend’s operation.

The man, Ridvan Suleymanov, told investigators he was “aimed at choosing places for planting of explosive devices and terrorist acts,” at the bus station and airport in Simferopol, the capital city of Crimea. In the video he also admitted that “civilians could die” as a result.

Russia’s most advanced to date anti-aircraft defense system S-400 Triumph has been delivered to a surface-to-air missile (SAM) regiment in Crimea. The military will first deploy their newly received hardware in a training exercise ongoing in the region.

Plans of the S-400 deployment to Crimea were announced by the Russian Defense Ministry in July. After the air defense complex was successfully used in field firing at a training target missile in the Astrakhan region in southern Russia, it was delivered to the peninsula, military officials announced on Friday.

Continue reading →

Russia’s top-notch S-400 will protect Crimea [and over] from NATO’s threats

Tags

31st Air Defense Division, an anti-aircraft, anti-ballistic systems, Anti-Missile Shield, Col. Eugene Oleynikov, Crimea, Franz Klintsevich, geopolitical strategies, Russia, Russian Aerospace Forces, Russian borders, Russian Defense System, Russians in Ukraine, S-300, S-350E Vityaz, S-400, S-400 Triumf, S-500, SA-21 Growler, Syrian Patriots, War Strategy

This gallery contains 2 photos.

Russia plans to deploy one of its best air defense systems, the S-400 Triumf to Crimea in August. The regiment that will protect the skies over the Black Sea peninsula from NATO’s “air hooligans,” as Crimea’s Vice Premier Ruslan Balbek put it, will be stationed in the port town of Feodosia.

The S-400 complex will become a welcome addition to Crimea’s multilayered air defense structure that contains among over things the S-300 (NATO reporting name SA-10 Grumble) long range surface-to-air missile system.

The S-400 will serve as a major deterrent for “air hooligans from NATO’s air force,” Balbek told RIA Novosti. “The sheer fact that the most advanced air defense missile system will be installed on [the peninsula] will keep all NATO air forces based in the Black Sea on the edge of their seats.”

Balbek also mentioned that sending enemy aircraft to violate Crimean airspace would be essentially a suicide mission. “Without doubt, NATO has brave pilots, but there are no suicide pilots among them.”

Continue reading →

Iranian officer: “Russia should use its S-400 defence system against all hostile aircraft violating Syria’s airspace”

Tags

General Khosro Orouj, geopolitical strategies, Israel, Israeli occupation forces, Russia, Russian Defense System, S-400, Syrian Patriots, Syrian Resistance, War Against Terrorism, War on Syria, War Strategy

This gallery contains 1 photo.

Top Advisor to Iran’s Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) Commander Brigadier General Khosro Orouj called on Moscow to use its defense missile shield in Syria to target all enemy targets violating the war-ravaged country’s airspace.

“The anti-aircraft systems that Russia has brought to Syria shouldn’t allow even one single (enemy) aircraft to fly over the country, but this is not happening,” General Orouj said with much regret.

Continue reading →

NATO [and rogue States allies], beware what you wish for: because Russia is already ready for war

Tags

American tyranny, geopolitical strategies, NATO, Non-NATO Ally, Pepe Escobar, Russia, Russian Aerospace Forces, Russian Air Force, Russian Defense System, Russian Military Advisers, S-400, S-500, S-600, US intelligence, US regime, US-backed coalition, USA, USA Military, USA plots, USA-led Coalition, War, War by Proxy, War crimes, War Criminals, War Strategy, Warmongers, World War 3

This gallery contains 7 photos.

So foreign ministers from the 28 NATO member-nations met in Brussels for a two-day summit, while mighty military power Montenegro was inducted as a new member.

Global Robocop NATO predictably discussed Afghanistan (a war NATO ignominiously lost); Iraq (a war the Pentagon ignominiously lost); Libya (a nation NATO turned into a failed state devastated by militia hell); Syria (a nation NATO, via Turkey, would love to invade, and is already a militia hell).

Comparisons of the current NATO buildup to pre-WWII buildups, or to NATO when opposed to the Warsaw Pact, are amateurish. The THAAD and Patriot missiles are worthless – according to the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) themselves; that’s why they tried to improve them with Iron Dome.

Meanwhile, those new NATO army “battalions” are inconsequential. The basic thrust behind the Pentagon’s moves under neocon Ash Carter continues to be to draw Russia ever further into Syria and Ukraine (as if Moscow actually was involved in, or wanted, a Ukrainian quagmire); trap Russia in proxy wars; and economically bleed Russia to death while crippling the bulk of oil and natural gas income to the Russian state.

Russia does not want – and does not need – war. Yet the “Russian aggression” narrative never stops. Thus it’s always enlightening to come back to this RAND corporation study, which examined what would happen if a war actually took place. RAND reached an “unambiguous” conclusion after a series of war games in 2015-2015; Russia could overrun NATO in a mere 60 hours – if not less – if it ever amounted to a hot war on European soil.

The Rand Corporation is essentially a CIA outpost – thus a propaganda machine. Yet it’s not propaganda to state the Baltic States and Ukraine would completely fall in less than three days before the Russian Army. However, the suggestion that additional NATO air power and heavily armored combat divisions would make a material difference is bogus.

Continue reading →

Russia’s Anti-Missile Shield [the new generation of strategic anti-ballistic systems…to bring back the U.S. to the negotiating table]

Tags

A-135, A-235, ABM system, anti-ballistic systems, Anti-Missile Shield, geopolitical strategies, Russia, Russia & Syria military, Russian Aerospace Forces, Russian Air Force, Russian Airstrikes, Russian borders, Russian Defense System, Russian fighter jets, S-300, S-350E Vityaz, S-400, S-500, short-range 53T6, South Front, su-24, Su-27, Su-30, Sukhoi, Syrian Patriots, V-1000 anti-missile, War Against Terrorism, War on Syria, War Strategy

This gallery contains 8 photos.

March 4 saw the 55th anniversary of the first successful anti-ballistic missile intercept performed by a Soviet defensive system, the Sistema A, which used the V-1000 anti-missile equipped with a conventional blast-fragmentation warhead, to destroy the warhead launched by an R-12 intermediate-range ballistic missile.

Russian defense industry has not been sitting still in the face of NATO ABM expansion. Long-range air defense systems like the S-300, S-400, and the upcoming S-500 have considerable ability to destroy ballistic threats, though none of them have been tested against the extremely fast ICBM re-entry vehicles which are far harder to defeat than short- and intermediate-range ballistic missiles.

Moreover, Russia is working on the successor to A-135, the A-235 which will likewise use multiple types of missiles to provide an ability to destroy incoming warheads at long ranges and at extremely high altitudes bordering on orbital.

Whether or not such deployments ever take place largely depends on the future course of Russia-NATO relations. The only reason the ABM Treaty was ever signed and ratified was USSR’s demonstrated ability to deploy effective ABM systems.

US withdrawal from that treaty was driven by its leaders’ arrogant assumption that the US could launch a new nuclear arms race with no country able to counter it.

Once Russia demonstrates its ability to field the next-generation of strategic anti-ballistic systems, we may the world’s great powers once again return to the negotiating table.

Continue reading →

How Will Russia Respond to Saudi Anti-Aircraft Missiles in Syria?

Tags

Armata tanks, Russia, Russia & Syria military, Russian Defense System, Russian fighter jets, S-300, S-350E Vityaz, S-400, S-500, Saudi Arabia, Saudi regime, su-24, Su-27, Su-30, Sukhoi, T-14 tanks, T-15 tanks, T-90 tanks, US regime, USA, USA plots, USA-led Coalition, War Against Terrorism, War by Proxy, War Criminals, War on Syria, War Strategy

This gallery contains 5 photos.

With the Syrian Army advancing across the front, Saudi Arabia has announced its willingness to escalate the conflict by supplying portable surface-to-air missiles to terrorists fighting against Syrian forces and, presumably, the Russian forces assisting them.

But is it a genuine threat, or just part of Riyadh’s campaign of information warfare?

In the long term, Russian military expert Viktor Murakhovski suggests, Saudi SAM deliveries “will not significantly influence the course and outcome of the ongoing fighting in Syria.”

Would they force Syrian and Russian aircraft to adjust their tactics? Definitely.

Could they lead to losses for Syrian aircraft? Possibly.

Could they result in Russia assisting the Syrian Air Force by providing it with modern SAM countermeasures? Certainly.

Would they affect the outcome of the war? Definitely not… … …

Continue reading →

S-400 Missile Defense System Fully Operative in Syria

Tags

Russia, Russia & Syria military, Russian Defense System, S-400, Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Army, Syrian Resistance, War on Syria, War Strategy

The S-400 Russian Missile Defense System Is Fully Operative in Syria

---

 

“Let Turkish Aviation Fly Now”, President Putin on S-400 Deployment in Syria

Tags

Putin, Russian Air Force, Russian Airstrikes, Russian Defense System, S-400, Syrian Resistance, Turkey, Turkey USA puppet, Turkish plots, vladimir putin, War Against Terrorism, War on Syria, War Strategy

This gallery contains 1 photo.

Turkey will not be able to violate the Syria airspace after Russia had deployed S-400 defense system in Hmeymim airabse, Russian president Vladimir Putin told journalists during the press-conference in Moscow.

With Russia’s deployment of the S-400 anti-aircraft system, Turkey will not be able to violate Syria’s airspace with impunity, as they had previously done

Continue reading →

What is the Russia’s National Defense Control Center? How it works?

Tags

Daesh, Donetsk, foreign mercenaries, foreign-backed terrorists, Gorlovka, ISIS, Jabhat al-Nusra, Lugansk, Mariupol, Russia, Russian Air Force, Russian Airstrikes, Russian Defense System, Russian fighter jets, Russian National Defense Control Center, S-300, S-400, South Front, su-24, Sukhoi, Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Army, Syrian borders, Syrian intelligence, Syrian Patriots, Syrian Resistance, Terrorism By Proxy, Terrorist killed, Terrorists Gangs, Turkey, Turkish plots, Ukraine, Ukraine government, USA plots, vladimir putin, War by Proxy, War on Syria, War Strategy

This gallery contains 5 photos.

On December 1st 2014 combat duty began at the National Defense Control Center of the Russian Federation, located in the building complex of the Defense Ministry on Frunze Embankment. Introduced a year ago, the structure is the successor to the Central command post of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The order for the establishment of the center was issued by President Vladimir Putin on the 10th of December 2013.

Based on available data, the National Center for Defense – It is a primarily info-analytical framework that can be used for the benefit of the Supreme Commander, General Staff and other units of the Ministry of Defense. The resources of the center may be utilized for a variety of purposes, ranging from the organization of celebrations and ending large-scale military operations.

The structure of the Center is not known. The General Staff revealed few details, that of a control center of the strategic nuclear forces, command and control, and the Center for the Control Center of daily activities, the remaining divisions are classified as “Secret”.

The Domestic supercomputer system has a storage capacity of 236 petabytes, performance of the machine is 16 petaflops, and information processing speed – enough to process 50 Lenin Libraries in a second. For comparison, the volume of the US computer hard disk 12 petabytes, and its capacity is up to 5 petaflops.

Continue reading →

Russian Weapon at Work

Tags

Daesh, ISIS, Russia, Russia & Syria military, Russian Air Force, Russian Airstrikes, Russian Defense System, Russian fighter jets, S-400, su-24, Su-30, War on Syria, War Strategy

report by southfront.org

---

Syrian and International Military Review ~ [Reports by South Fronth]

Tags

Daesh, Donetsk, foreign mercenaries, foreign-backed terrorists, Gorlovka, ISIS, Jabhat al-Nusra, Lugansk, Mariupol, Russia, Russian Air Force, Russian Airstrikes, Russian Defense System, Russian fighter jets, S-300, S-400, South Front, su-24, Sukhoi, Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Army, Syrian borders, Syrian intelligence, Syrian Patriots, Syrian Resistance, Terrorism By Proxy, Terrorist killed, Terrorists Gangs, Turkey, Turkish plots, Ukraine, Ukraine government, USA plots, vladimir putin, War by Proxy, War on Syria, War Strategy

This gallery contains 9 photos.

In the past three days, the Russian Air Forces have carried out over 300 sorties hitting 600 terrorist targets. All sorties were performed with the backing of Su-30 fighter jets.

The pro-government sources argue that tens of terrorists were killed in clashes between the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) and the militant groups along the Damscus-Homs highway on Tuesday. Thus, the Syrian forces expanded its control on the Eastern side of the Damascus-Homs highway in Harasta.

ISIS militants launched a full-scale offensive on the villages of Ayyash and Bgelia after the US-led ‘anti-ISIS’ coalition’s airstrikes against the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) in this area. On Sunday, the US-led ‘anti-ISIS’ coalition poundend the Syrian Arab Army’s positions in the province of Deir Ezzor. 1 soldier was killed and half dozen others were wounded. According to the reports, the military camp belongs to the SAA’s 137th Artillery Brigade in the village of ‘Ayyash was a main target of the US warplanes.

The Kuwaiti al-Rai news website quoted an informed diplomat as saying that the US is attempting to gather the forces called by Washington as moderate opposition in one region to create a foothold for the militants’ further expansion in Syria. According to the report, US-supported militants have entered Southwestern Syria which shares borders with Jordan. The reports were rejected by Amman.

Analysis & Intelligence remembers when Russia started air raids on terrorists in Syria over two months ago, some 3,000 terrorists escaped through the border with Jordan. Earlier in May, US defense officials said that at least 400 US military military advicers were ready in Turkey and Jordan to start training of over 3,000 anti-Syria militants to join fight against the government of President Bashar al-Assad.

Continue reading →

International Military Review ~ Russian and Syrian armies decimate and destroy hordes of barbarian mercenaries, but the U.S. and its NATO-Gulf allies insist with their criminal plans pushing the world toward global war ~ [Reports by South Fronth]

Tags

Daesh, Donetsk, foreign mercenaries, foreign-backed terrorists, Gorlovka, ISIS, Jabhat al-Nusra, Lugansk, Mariupol, Russia, Russian Air Force, Russian Airstrikes, Russian Defense System, Russian fighter jets, S-300, S-400, South Front, su-24, Sukhoi, Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Army, Syrian borders, Syrian intelligence, Syrian Patriots, Syrian Resistance, Terrorism By Proxy, Terrorist killed, Terrorists Gangs, Turkey, Turkish plots, Ukraine, Ukraine government, USA plots, vladimir putin, War by Proxy, War on Syria, War Strategy

This gallery contains 7 photos.

Over the past week [November 26- December 4], Russian aviation has carried out 431 sorties from the Hmeymim airbase and conducted strikes on 1,458 terrorist targets including command centers, training camps, ammunition depots, and strongholds. 12-fuel transfer stations ad 8 terrorist controlled oil fields were also destroyed.

Only in the past 48 hours, the Russian warplanes hit two truck convoys near Aleppo and Raqqa, destroying up to 40 terrorist vehicles modified to transport oil products.

The recent developments show significant changes in the strategy of the Western countries involved in the Syrian conflict. The US has sent ground forces, including special operations units, into the region. French Air Force has sharply increased the number of sorties, and France’s rapid-reaction troops and naval units are being moved closer to Syria.

The implication of the Western plan to divide Syria in a number of vassal entities leads to 3 main scenarios:… … …

Continue reading →

International Military Review ~ Syria and Donbass, on the Battle’s Front Lines ~ [Reports and Videos by ‘South Fronth’]

Tags

Daesh, Donetsk, foreign mercenaries, foreign-backed terrorists, Gorlovka, ISIS, Jabhat al-Nusra, Lugansk, Mariupol, Russia, Russian Air Force, Russian Airstrikes, Russian Defense System, Russian fighter jets, S-300, S-400, South Front, su-24, Sukhoi, Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Army, Syrian borders, Syrian intelligence, Syrian Patriots, Syrian Resistance, Terrorism By Proxy, Terrorist killed, Terrorists Gangs, Turkey, Turkish plots, Ukraine, Ukraine government, USA plots, vladimir putin, War by Proxy, War on Syria, War Strategy

This gallery contains 5 photos.

ONE WEEK OF REPORTS AND VIDEOS BY ‘SOUTH FRONTH’
27-28-29-30 NOVEMBER
1-2 DECEMBER 2015

~ SYRIAN ARAB ARMY, HEZBOLLAH AND NDF ADVANCED IN THE DARAA PROVINCE KILLING DOZENS OF AL-NUSRA TERRORISTS

~ SAAF AND RUSSIAN AIR FORCES GAINED GROUND BLOCKING THE FLOW OF TERRORISTS ON TURKISH-SYRIAN BORDER

~ DONBASS, DONETSK SUBURB, SHELLED BY KIEV TERRITORIAL BATTALLIONS OF AMERICAN’S NAZI PUPPETS

~ THE NUBMER OF VIOLATIONS FROM THE KIEV JUNTA SIDE IS GROWING.

~ THE PUTSCHISTS IN KIEV PREPARE AN ATTACK AGAINST THE PEOPLE OF DONBASS: 277 BATTLE TANKS, HEAVY ARTILLERY PIECES, 147 INFANTRY FIGHTING VEHICLES, ARMOURED PERSONNEL CARRIERS, 26 VEHICLES WITH AMMUNITION, MORE THAN 660 TROOPS, ARE REDEPLOYED ON THE SEPARATION LINE OF THE AREAS OF GORLOVKA, MARIUPOL, DONETSK ~ REPORTS

Continue reading →

Commander of Russian Air Force: “Turkey pre-planned the action, the F-16 that attacked the Russian bomber was already waiting in the air”

Tags

Russia, Russia & Syria military, Russia/Syria Combat Reports, Russian Aerospace Forces, Russian Air Force, Russian Airstrikes, Russian Defense System, Russian fighter jets, Russian warships, S-300, S-400, su-24, Su-27, Su-30, Sukhoi, Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Patriots, Turkey, Turkish F16, Turkish plots, Viktor Bondarev, War on Syria, War Strategy

This gallery contains 1 photo.

The Russian Aerospace Forces commander says the video footage of Russian bomber’s crash was shot from the territory controlled by terrorists from North Caucasus and former Soviet republics.

The commander-in-chief of the Russian Aerospace Forces, Viktor Bondarev, said said the Turkish fighters that attacked the Su-24M were waiting for the Russian bomber in the air. Besides, according to Russian military data, the bomber was in the Turkish Air Force’s radar stations coverage area for over 30 minutes.

Bondarev also noted that the video footage of Russian bomber’s crash was shot from the territory controlled by terrorists from North Caucasus and former Soviet republics. He also noted that the person shooting the video knew the time and place of the attack in advance.

According to him, the Turkish media’s readiness to cover the incident was amazingly surprising. The general recalled that the Russian jet was hit at 10:24 on November 25. A private Turkish TV company posted the video 90 minutes later.

Continue reading →

Russian S-400 SAM deployed in Syria

Tags

Russia, Russia & Syria coop., Russia & Syria military, Russian Air Force, Russian Defense System, Russian warships, S-400, Syrian Resistance, War Against Terrorism, War Strategy

---

 

Russia deploys S-400 anti-missile system to Syria: can engage up to 80 targets at a time

Tags

Russia, Russian Air Force, Russian Defense System, S-400

---

The Russian Air Force base in Latakia will be reinforced with S-400 SAM system, which will soon be deployed there, Russia’s Defense Minister Sergey Shoigu said on Wednesday.

---

 

Russian-Chinese naval drills, an unprecedented military cooperation, with the aim to be prepared for any threats, because…the USA, not China or Russia, are the real problem of potential aggression ~ [Reports]

Tags

American tyranny, China, Navy of the People’s Liberation Army of China, Russia, Russia-China deals, Russian Defense System, Russian Pacific Fleet, Russian warships, Russian-Chinese drills, Russian-Chinese joint naval drills, S-300, S-350E Vityaz, S-400, Syrian Patriots, US regime, USA, USA Military, USA plots, USA-Russia, War Strategy

This gallery contains 7 photos.

As Russia and China were staging their biggest joint maritime exercises in the history, RT correspondent Daniel Bushell was aboard the Russian flagship to take the action in first hand.

Chinese and Russian commanders coordinating the drills, which have been dubbed ‘Joint Sea 2015 II,’ described it as an “unprecedented show of military cooperation,” according to Bushell.

China has reportedly received advanced versions of both the helicopter and the air-defense system from Russia, becoming the first state in the world authorized to buy the S-400 air defense system, the next generation up from the S-300, RT’s correspondent reports.

The fact that Russia has sold it most advanced weapons systems to China “reflects a unique trust from Russia that Beijing won’t pass its hi-tech on to third states,” as well as “an understanding it may need the People’s Liberation Army’s help with future mutual threats”.

The American establishment hates Russia’s president, Vladimir Putin. For daring to challenge Washington’s authority, he’s been designated as the bad guy du jour. With Bin Laden and Saddam dead, many imagined that North Korea’s Kim Jong-un would inherit this role. However, unlike Al Qaeda, North Korea is too weak and insular to threaten the US directly. To preserve the military budget, which increased dramatically since 2001, they need an existential danger. Russia fits the bill.

Continue reading →